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I. Subfields of Anatomy:
A. Gross Anatomy: study of large body structures visible
to the naked eye.
1) Regional Anatomy – study all the structures in a body
region – head, thorax, foot, etc.
2) Systemic Anatomy – organ systems.
3) Surface/topographical – studying internal body structures
as they relate to the overlying skin surface.
B. Microscopic Anatomy: use of a microscope.
1) Histology = study of tissues
2) Cytology = study of cells
C. Developmental Anatomy: conception to old age.
1) Embryology = study of process of development, conception to birth
2) Gerontology=study of aging
II. Structural Hierarchy/Levels of Organization:
Check out this link on comparative sizes of cells, cell structures, molecules and elements (slide the scale)
A. Chemical levels
Atoms – SPONCH (sulfur, phosphorus, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon,
hydrogen, calcium, potassium, sodium, chlorine, iron, iodine)
Molecules – H2O, CO2, O2, NaCl, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic
acids (for example, DNA)
B.Cellular level
Cell Organelles: mitochondria, cilia, flagella, ribosomes Cells: all life processes
occur at the cellular level.
C. Tissue level
Tissues: cells bind to each other to form tissues.
Four types: epithelial, connective, nervous, muscle
D. Organ level
Organs: tissues combine to form organs.
E. System level
Organ systems made up of one to several organs.
F. the organism-The systems all work together to maintain homeostasis.
III. Homeostasis: maintaining body conditions within normal physiological values.
examples of regulated body conditions: body temperature, blood pH, ion levels, glucose levels
IV . Anatomical position and Directional Terms:
A. Anatomical position (See below)
Body erect, face forward, arms down and palms forward. All directions begin
from this position.
B. Planes/Sections:
1) Sagittal – divides into left and right portions
2) Coronal/frontal – into anterior and posterior
3) Transverse/axial/cross-section – into superior
and inferior.
C. Directional Terms:
1) superior vs. inferior
2) anterior vs. posterior
3) medial vs. lateral
4) superficial vs. deep
5) proximal vs. distal
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V. Body Cavities and Serous Membranes:
A. Posterior Body Cavities:
1) Cranial – brain
2) Spinal/Vertebral – spinal cord
- They are continuous and enclosed by bone.
B. Anterior (all lined with serous membranes-see below) cavities
1)Two Pleural cavities – lungs contained in pleural serous membrane
2) Pericardial cavity– heart contained in pericardial serous membrane
3) Abdominopelvic cavity- most organs inferior to diaphragm are contained in
peritoneal serous membrane.
Liver, gall bladder, stomach, spleen, small intestine, larger intestine, urinary
bladder, uterus, ovary.
exceptions are Retroperitoneal organs– kidneys, pancreas, testes
C. Serous Membranes in anterior cavities
These are double-layered membranes lining the walls of the cavities. The two
layers are separated by
serous fluid.Parietal layer– lines cavity wall. Visceral layer–
covers organ surface
Lung
Parietal pleura
Visceral pleura
Heart
Parietal pericardium
Visceral pericardium
Abdominopelvic organs
Parietal peritoneum
Visceral peritoneum
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Professor Thomas M. Lancraft
Human Anatomy Courses
at St. Petersburg College
St. Petersburg/Gibbs Campus
5/2008