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The body
Tissue are fomed when cells are bound to each other. There are four categories/classifications
of tissues. When two types of tissues are combined they form membranes.
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I. Epithelial Tissues:
A. Covering and Lining Epithelium:
1)Classified by:
Number of layers – simple (one) vs. stratified (many)
Three cell shapes – squamous (flat), cuboidal (cube), columnar (long)
2. Examples
a ) Simple squamous epithelium
Found where diffusion (exchange of air, water or nutrients) is important. ex.
capillaries, alveoli (air sacs in lungs), and glomerulus of kidney.
Also forms the smooth lining of blood vessels and the heart thereby promoting
blood flow.
b) simple, sometimes stratified, cuboidal epithelium
Found in glands (sweat, oil, endocrine) and ducts (Kidney tubules) –important
in secretion
c) Simple columnar epitheilium (with goblet cells)
Goblet cells make mucus so this is secretory part of mucus membranes.Mucus provides
water for variety of functions.
Found lining the lumens of the: digestive system; respiratory system;urinary
system;reproductive system
d) Stratified squamous epithelium:
Epidermis of skin, oral cavity, anus, tongue, vagina are covered with this tissue
where protection from abrasion is needed.
e) Transitional Epithelium
Lumen of the urinary bladder and ureters lined with this stretchable tissue,
allowing expansion.
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II. Connective Tissues:
All have an extracellular/noncellular matrix that fills thespaces between the cells. Matrix = Ground Substance + Fibers(fluid and proteins) (collagen, elastic fibers)
A. Connective Tissues Proper: (also known as fibrous connective tissues)
Produced by fibroblasts.
1. Classified by:
Loose vs. dense (elastin fibers vs collagen fibers)
Irregular vs. regular orientation of fibers
2) Examples
a) Areolar (loose irregular) Connective tissue:
Contains Fibers – collagen, elastic, reticular.
Contains Cells – fibroblasts, mast cells.
Found between the epidermis and the dermis.In the walls of arteries and veins and other organs
b) Adipose Connective tissue::
Fat filled cells provide energy, physical padding and temperature insulation
Found in Hypodermis below skin, yellow marrow,behind eyes, around kidneys.
c) Dense Regular Connective tissue::
Contains collagen fibers (in rows) and fibroblast cells.
Found in Tendons, aponeuroses, ligaments.
d) Dense Irregular Connective tissue::
Contains collagen fibers (crossing each other) and fibroblast cells
Found in Dermis, joint capsules, capsule around kidneys.
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B. Cartilage
produced by chondrocytes, matrix is semi-solid gel without blood vessels.
1) Classified by types of fibers formed in matrix.
none, elastin or collagen.
2) Examples
a) Hyaline Cartilage Connective tissue::
no fibers in matrix, most common type
Found in the nose, trachea, bronchi, and larynx.
Form articular cartilage, costal, and epiphyseal plates.
Forms much of the embryonic skeleton.
b) Elastic Cartilage Connective tissue::
has elastic fibers.
Found in Pinna of ear and epiglottis.
3) Fibrocartilage Connective tissue::
collagen fibers.
Found in Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, menisci at knees.
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C. Bone:
produced by osteoblasts, maintined by osteocytes, removed by osteoclasts
Matrix is solid consisting of collagen fibers and calcium salts.
1. Classified by way bone matrix is deposited
2) Examples
a) spongy bone tissue
open construction
found in interior of bones
b) compact bone tissue
dense construction
found in exterior of bones
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D. Blood:
produced by hemocytoblasts
Matrix = plasma
Examples
a) erythrocytes (O2)
b) Leucocytes (defense)
c) Platelets/thrombocytes (clotting)
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III. Muscle Tissue
all have contractile proteins in interior of cells
A. Skeletal muscle tissue:
It is striated, multinucleated, and voluntary.
found attached to bone to move body
B. Cardiac muscle tissue::
Striated, uninucleate, involuntary.
Found in myocardium of the heart.
C. Smooth muscle tissue:
Forms sheets, non-striated, involuntary, uninucleate.
Found in walls of hollow organs (blood vessels, respiratory ducts, digestive organs, urinary organs, reproductive organs, iris of eye.
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IV. Nervous Tissue
A. Neurons – have axons and dendrites, provide signals between cells
for organ regulation
Found in brain and spinal cord.
B. Neuroglia – supporting cells surrounding neurons. increase rate of
signal production along neurons.
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Helpful Web
link
V. Membranes
Membrane are usually layers of hollow organs and consist of epithelial tissues connected to, and layered over, connective tissues. See cutaneous membrane as example of layering.
A. Mucus membranes
All produce mucus to prevent entry of pathogens. Found lining the respiratory,
digestive, urinary and reproductive tubes.
B. Serous membranes
All produce serous fluid to lubricate moving organs. Found lining lungs (pleural),
heart (pericardium) and most abdominopelvic organs (peritoneum).
C. Cutaneous membranes (skin)
Stratifiied squamous epithelium (epidermis) over dense irregular connective
tissue (dermis).
D. Synovial membranes
Form sacs of synovial fluid found between moving bones to cushion and promote
movement.
Helpful
web link
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Professor Thomas M. Lancraft
Human Anatomy Courses
at St. Petersburg College
St. Petersburg/Gibbs Campus
10/2004