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I. Levels of organization *
Levels
of anatomy concept map
Check out this link on comparative sizes of cells, cell structures, molecules and elements (slide the scale)
A. Chemical
2. atoms
smallest unit of matter with unique physical and chemical characteristics
there are different atoms =elements (atoms of different sizes and characteristics)
most common elements in body are:
carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P)
less common are:
Sodium (Na), Chlorine (Cl), Potassium (K) and Calcium (Ca), Phosphate (P)
3. molecules
atoms are attracted (= chemical bonds) to other atoms to form molecules
4. molecular structure
defines the molecule's functions
5. most common molecule in body
water (60-80%)
6. common organic molecules (covalently bonded carbon backbone)
proteins
lipids or fats
carbohydrates
nucleic acids
List most common elements and molecules in body.
2. Molecules make up organelles and other cellular structures which make up cells
3. Organelles divide labor and therefore cells become more efficient
2. four major kinds
2. Most organs have more than one function.
3. Selected list of organs (not complete)
Organs in Cavities
Brain, spinal cord
Heart
Lung
Liver, stomach, pancreas, spleen, small intestine, large intestine, gall bladder,
urinary bladder, uterus, ovary
Organs not in cavities
kidney, testes, artery, vein, lymph vessel, lymph nodes, bones, muscles, skin,
diaphragm
Describe the location (specific cavity if applicable),
system and function of all selected organs.
2. Many organs fall into more than one system and work together.
B. Directional terms (opposing pairs)
superior vs. inferior
anterior vs. posterior
medial vs. lateral
deep vs. superficial
proximal vs. distal
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C. Body planes
b. Pericardial cavity
around heart
inflammation= pericarditis
c. Abdominopelvic cavity
between and around some abdominal and pelvic viscera
inflammation=peritonitis
compare and contrast structural and functional difference
between cavities.
III. Homeostasis
Regulation of internal environmental conditions (blood sugar, heart rate or
body temperature, for example) within normal physiological range despite changes
in and out of the body.
Regulation is via feedback loops. General components of feedback loops: stimulus,
receptor, control center, effector, response. Regulation involves cells communicating
with other cells through chemicals.
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A. Control processes
2. postive feedback loop
response increases with stimulus
if condition too high, regulation will make even higher
ex. childbirth, lactation, blood clotting


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C. Homeostatic imbalances
body not operating within normal ranges
illness or injury is a condition NOT in homeostasis
example: fever, hyperglycemia, lower than normal red blood cell count
Compare and contrast control processes and system. Identify specific components of each system's feedback loop.
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Professor Thomas M. Lancraft
Human Anatomy and Physiology Courses
at St. Petersburg College
St. Petersburg/Gibbs Campus
4/2007