Introduction, Body organization and Homeostasis

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Lecture Notes

Structure determines function.
The reason to study anatomical structures is to understand their physiology.

I. Levels of organization * Levels of anatomy concept map
Check out this link on comparative sizes of cells, cell structures, molecules and elements (slide the scale)
A. Chemical

1. matter vs energy
 matter has physical and chemical characteristics
 energy has none but can be stored in molecules as chemical bonds (Chemical energy)

2. atoms
smallest unit of matter with unique physical and chemical characteristics
there are different atoms =elements (atoms of different sizes and characteristics)
most common elements in body are:
carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P)
less common are:
Sodium (Na), Chlorine (Cl), Potassium (K) and Calcium (Ca), Phosphate (P)

3. molecules
 atoms are attracted (= chemical bonds) to other atoms to form molecules

4. molecular structure
defines the molecule's functions

5. most common molecule in body
water (60-80%)

6. common organic molecules (covalently bonded carbon backbone)
proteins
lipids or fats
carbohydrates
nucleic acids
List most common elements and molecules in body.

B. Cellular level 1. Cell is smallest unit of life

2. Molecules make up organelles and other cellular structures which  make up cells

3. Organelles divide labor and therefore cells become more efficient

C. Tissue level 1. cluster or line of cells connected together with membrane proteins with a specific function.

2. four major kinds

1) connective (C) connect
2) muscle (M) contract
3) epitheilia (E) cover
4) nervous (N) conduct
3. Epithelial membranes
epithelial tissue over connective tissue; usually secretory in function
types:
    mucus -respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive organ inner linings
    cutaneous -skin
    serous- lining the outside of thoracic, abdominal and pelvic organs.
Describe the structural relationship between organelles, cells and tissues.
D. Organ level 1. A collection of tissues with specific function

2. Most organs have more than one function.

3. Selected list of organs (not complete)
Organs in Cavities
Brain, spinal cord
Heart
Lung
Liver, stomach, pancreas, spleen, small intestine, large intestine, gall bladder, urinary bladder, uterus, ovary

Organs not in cavities
kidney, testes, artery, vein, lymph vessel, lymph nodes, bones, muscles, skin, diaphragm

Describe the location (specific cavity if applicable), system and function of all selected organs.

E. System level 1. Collection of organs that all interrelate in terms of function

2. Many organs fall into more than one system and work together.

F. Organism level  you - a highly complex structure with many interrelated systemsII. Body organization
A. Anatomical position
Body erect, face forward, palms forward

B. Directional terms (opposing pairs)

superior vs. inferior

anterior vs. posterior

medial vs. lateral

deep vs. superficial

proximal vs. distal

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C. Body planes

1. frontal (=coronal)
2. sagittal
3. transverse

Demonstrate directional terms and planes
D. Body cavities 1. posterior
 filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for protection and nutrition of enclosed organs a. cranial
b. spinal
2. Anterior
filled with lubricating serous fluid secreted by double walled serous membrane that surrounds organs (visceral wall) and lines outer wall (parietal wall)a. Pleural cavities
around lungs
inflammation= pleurisy

b. Pericardial cavity
around heart
inflammation= pericarditis

c. Abdominopelvic cavity
between and around some abdominal and pelvic viscera
 inflammation=peritonitis

compare and contrast structural and functional difference between cavities.

III. Homeostasis
Regulation of internal environmental conditions (blood sugar, heart rate or body temperature, for example) within normal physiological range despite changes in and out of the body.

Regulation is via feedback loops. General components of feedback loops: stimulus, receptor, control center, effector, response. Regulation involves cells communicating with other cells through chemicals.
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A. Control processes

1. Negative feedback loop
most common, response opposite of stimulus
if condition too high, regulation will lower
example: temperature, blood sugar concentration, concentation of blood sodium/calcium/potassium, heart rate, ventilation rate
- all stay within range despite changes in outside temperature, eating; activity

2. postive feedback loop
 response increases with stimulus
 if condition too high, regulation will make even higher
 ex. childbirth, lactation, blood clotting

B.Control systems 1. Nervous system feedback loop: receptor monitors condition, sensory neuron (nerve) sends signal into control center, control center (brain or spinal cord) determines appropriate condition value, motor neuron (nerve) sends signal out to effector, effector muscle or gland changes condition.. Use of neurotransmitter chemicals between cells for signal transmission.

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2. Endocrine system feedback loop: receptor/production cell/control center cell monitors condition and responds by secreting hormones, circulating hormone travels to effector target cell, target cell changes its activity, changing target cell action results in response of altered condition.. Use of hormone chemicals for signals between production cell and target cell.

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C. Homeostatic imbalances
body not operating within normal ranges
 illness or injury is a condition NOT in homeostasis
example: fever, hyperglycemia, lower than normal red blood cell count

Compare and contrast control processes and system. Identify specific components of each system's feedback loop.

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Professor Thomas M. Lancraft
Human Anatomy and Physiology Courses
at St. Petersburg College
St. Petersburg/Gibbs Campus

4/2007